Physical Description

• General: Size – 11-13cm, Wing Span – 19-22cm, Weight – 11-20g, pale and conical bill, dark eyes. Flight is undulating with a flap-flap then glide pattern.

• Male Breeding (Alternate): Yellow body, black cap and forehead, black wings with distinct white wingbars, pale rump and legs, dark retricies, yellow bill

• Female Breeding (Alternate): Yellow body, yellow bill, black wings with white wingbars, dark retricies

• Male Non-Breeding (Basic): dull yellow head, brown body, less bright overall, dark wings and retricies

• Female Non-Breeding (Basic): Olive brown body, pale yellow throat, dark brown-black wings with pale wingbars, white belly —›

• Juvenal: Brown body, dark wings with buffy wing tips and wingbars. Males darker than females.